BeZhare: History of UNIX

Once you know about BSD (read: this article) and Linux (read: this article), then you probably also already know the word Unix. Here BeZhare will be more familiar with the history of Unix itself, let's continue reading this article.

The history of UNIX starts from the project MULTICS (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) in 1965 conducted by the American Telephone & Telegraph (AT & T), General Electric (GE), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), with major funding from the department of defense America (Department of Defense Advanced Research Project - DARPA). Multics is a modular operating system by using high-speed processor, memory, and communications equipment, designed to work 24 hours a day, 365 days per year without stopping, also designed for military needs.

In 1969, the Multics project stopped because it was too late from the time specified, this is caused by the distance between researchers at that time (New Jersey - MIT).

In the same year, Ken Thompson, a researcher who worked on the Multics project, in collaboration with Dennis Ritchie tried to realize the idea MULTICS using the PDP-7 computer. Peter Neumann suggested their project is given the name UNIX.

UNIX system is then in the weeks to rewrite the PDP-11 computers within 1 year.

Scientists from AT & T added many small tools for UNIX in the 1970s, each tool is used to perform a function.

In 1973, UNIX was rewritten by Ken Thompson use a new programming language created by Dennis Ritchie, Language C. C language was designed to be easy for on the move (portable) from one computer to another.

In 1977, Mike Lesk develop "Ported I / O Library", a library that can be taken to overcome the difficulties in doing a port of UNIX from one computer to another because of differences in I / O from any computer. Unix was first transferred (ported) into the laboratory Interdata 8 / / 32, the same microcomputer with the PDP-11.

In 1978, UNIX successfully ported into the VAX minicomputer. Until this year the UNIX operating system is still used as experimental.

Unix, BSD, Linux and Others Tree

It turned out that since early 1973, more than 16 branches of AT & T or Western Electric Bell outside the lab has been running UNIX. UNIX spread very quickly, in 1977 at least 500 locations have been running UNIX; 125 of them are university and more than 10 foreign countries, in the same year out of the UNIX version 6, which has commercial support.

University of California at Berkeley to pay $ 400 to get Tape UNIX operating system in which there is also the source code of a complete UNIX. Source code is modified by Bill Joy and Chuck Haley, who is a graduate of Berkeley. In 1978 Bill Joy out 30 copies of a collection of programs and modification of UNIX with the media replacement cost and delivery for $ 50.

More than 6 years old Berkeley gets funds from ARPA to develop a UNIX which is then called with BSD Unix. Many developments have been made include: Multitasking, naming the files with the number of characters up to 255 characters, and the ability to merge into the local computer. At this time the BSD Unix became popular among researchers and universities.

Unix Sample

At the same time, AT & T still developing its version of Unix, because it started to feel worried because of the popularity of BSD Unix AT & T Unix and then develop a commercial product. AT & T issued a system called UNIX System V and is a standard Unix, and said that BSD Unix is ​​not standard and not compatible. This is done to curb the popularity of BSD, also because they feel there is a copyright on AT & T.
With the Berkeley license with AT & T, the university can be freely distributed Unix repair AT & T to clients with no notes should be no additional version number. Until now always version 4.2 BSD Unix

On the other hand BSD 4.2 is believed to be used as the basis for the development of the Unix operating system, such as the SunOS operating system of Sun Microsystems machines, and ULTRIX as the Unix operating system within DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation).

With so many companies that develop Unix, then raised the question, Which version of Unix should be used ...? Berkeley Unix (BSD) is preferred users of academic and system developers, but is not supported and frightening as well as the operating system from Sun's new, which turned out later to be foremost among Unix, on the other hand there is the AT & T System V developed by AT & T and claimed as a standard. As a result of problems with this standard then in the late 1980s, Data General, IBM, Hewlwtt Packard, and Silicon Graphics to develop their own Unix System V by using as a standard. Unix versions of split 2, but it turns out there are version-3, ie, XENIX, which was developed by Microsoft in the early 1980s and licensed to Santa Cruz Operation (SCO). XENIX uses standard operating system from AT & T version of the older of the System III.

Because the need for standard operating system, then in the late 1980s, Xenix and AT & T System V/386 V merge into System that combines all the traditional functions and XENIX System V, was released in 1988 to 80 386-based computer.

In the summer of 1988, AT & T and Sun Microsystems signed an agreement to cooperate on that later result in the System V Release 4 (SVR4), which has the best ability of the System V and Berkeley Unix, and make all programs written for both systems become compatible within a single system . At this time SunOS Unix operating system was replaced by the new with the name Solaris.

Feeling threatened by AT & T and Sun because it is not part of SVR4 development effort, Appolo Computer, Digital Equipment Computer (DEC), Hewlett Packard, IBM, and some factories in Europe to form the Open Software Foundation (OSF). The establishment of this as an attempt to escape the control of AT & T, with the name of the industry coalition not-for-profit, and use a uniform ilsensi. OSF developed using the standard AIX, and then ported into the MACH kernel from Carnegie Mellon University, by combining the libraries and utilities from HP, IBM, and DEC. However, the development of OSF, OSF / 1 is not widely used until the coalition eventually develop their own systems, such as IBM with its AIX, and others adopt SVR4 which is released first.

In 1993, AT & T sells Unix Systems Laboratory (USL) to Novell after successfully made the SVR4 as the industry standard. However, the success of the Unix standard can not be beat MS Windows that was developed as an operating system for desktop computers. The novel then transfer the Unix trademark to X / Open Consortium.

In 1995, Novell sold its Unix source code to SCO, and thus stop the USL.

In the early 1990s, the BSD 4.4 commercialized with the name of the BSD / OS by BSD Inc.., Who has the ability to network firewall systems, VAR system, and the lab. academic research.

Meanwhile, operating systems like Unix (clone) is free of charge (free), Linux, created by Linus Torvalds, a student of computer science university of Helsinki Finland, developed by the hobbyist, and master classes small business market (small-business). Some implementations, such as Unix and Unix systems (Unix-like) for PC was developed based on BSD 4.3 and 4.4, and systems developed by Carnegie MACH which became the basic foundation of MacOS.

Although in the end Unix systems that exist today have not come together in the development, in the mid-1990s is estimated to already have millions of computers with the Unix operating system worldwide. Unix operating system is the choice for many microprocessors, because of its simplicity to be adopted.

There is now a collection of standards for operating systems like Unix, including the interface (interface), libraries, and the characteristic behavior (behavioral characteristic). Collection of this standard such as POSIX, which was originally developed by the IEEE, which was also adopted as ISO / IEC 9945. With the standardization such as interfaces, libraries, and this behavior we may use or hold with a Unix machine from anywhere. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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