BeZhare: MS-DOS the History Begins

Maybe for you there are computer users who do not know what it is MS-DOS because in the present, MS-DOS has been rarely used because most use a more simple system like Windows.
For those of you who want to know whether MS-DOS itself, here BeZhare will discuss the early history of the first presence of the system.

In 1975, Personal Computers (PCs) produced the first Altair MITS (Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems) of Albuquerque, New Mexico with 8080 8-bit processor and 256 bytes of memory, no keyboard, screen, tape or disk, for $ 400. Computers intended for the electronics hobbyist. On this computer, Bill Gates wrote a BASIC interpreter. Existing operating system is CP / M from Digital Research.

In 1979, Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products 86-DOS create mimic CP / M to test products berbasi processor 8086.

August 1981, Microsoft bought 86-DOS from Tim Paterson and refined into MS-DOS version 1.0, released as an MS-DOS or PC-DOS version 1.00. The operating system is made with over 4000 lines of assembly language code.

- Features of MS-DOS version 1.0:
* Using 12 KBytes of memory on Intel 8086 processor with 64 Kbyte memory.
* Only supports a new directory (flat directory) and 64 files.
* Does not support disk.
* Only supports the floppy disk 5 ¼-inch 160 Kbyte, with 512 bytes / sector.

MS-DOS Sample

- MS-DOS marketed under two names, namely:
* PC-DOS is a release for the IBM PC
* MS-DOS

- PC-DOS system contains:
* Ibmio.com, namely the disk and the character I / O system.
* Ibmdos.com, ie disk and file manager.
* Command.com, the command processor, primitive shell.

- MS-DOS operating system contains the following:
* Ibmio.com, namely the disk and the character I / O system.
* IO.SYS, ie disk and file manager.
* Msdos.sys, the command processor, primitive shell.

The operating system is compatible with CP / M, with an increased allocation of disks, faster and supports primitive shell script called batch files.

October 1982, in-release MS-DOS version 1.1 supports the diskette 320 KByte.

- MS-DOS version 2.0
----------------
Year 1983, IBM developed a PC XT, a personal computer (PC)-based hard drive and then released MS-DOS version 2.0 for PC-XT with the following features:
* Supports hard disk.
* Supports directory hierarchy (hierarchical directory)
* Provides richer DOS command with an external program as a utility.
* Added ability to mimic UNIX such as I / O redirection, pipelines, filters and background printing (print spooler), use the file descriptor.
* Supports 360 KByte disk, system configuration (config.sys), user-installable device drivers, memory management and customized shell.

This operating system uses 24 Kbyte memory, made with 20,000 lines of assembly.

- MS-DOS version 2:05
-----------------
Supports time, date, currency, and decimal symbols, a 16-bit Japanese Kanji.
In 1984, IBM made the PC AT with an Intel 80286 processor provides extended addressing (extended addressing) and the characteristics of memory protection (memory protection), user and kernel mode, the ring-based protection and the ability to run many programs at once.
PC AT provides 1.2m floppy, battery backup clock, the configuration information in CMOS, more than 10M hard drive, RAM disk support.

- MS-DOS version 3.0
----------------
The ability of Intel 80286 is not fully used by MS-DOS 3.0 to be compatible with previous releases, using as 8086 fast (fast 8086).

Features:
* Supports keyboard and peripherals new hard drive (AT Bus).
* Shell could be replaced by the user, for example with Norton Shell is NDOS.COM.
The operating system uses memory 36KByte, made of 40,000 lines of assembly.

- MS-DOS version 3.1
----------------
Supports PC-PC network.
Memory in use does not increase, obtained by adding the operating system that can be swapped.
- MS-DOS version 3.2
----------------
Supports floppy 3 1 / 2 inch and IBM Token Ring, but full of bugs.
In 1987, IBM made the family computer PS / 2.

- MS-DOS version 3.3
----------------
Even this release are not fully using the processor capability on PS / 2, which uses Intel 80286 or Intel 80386.

Features:
* Support for standard serial communication up to 19,200 bps.
* Memory in use is 46 Kbyte.

-------
Windows
-------
Since 1980, Microsoft developed a GUI (Graphical User Interface) on Windows, to bridge the DOS users. Development aims to compete with the Macintosh which had already offers a user friendly GUI.
In 1990, the GUI version of Microsoft (MS Windows 3.0) close to a user-friendly Macintosh, they are missing is this GUI must be run on DOS.
After leaving the partnership with IBM in developing a new generation operating system (OS / 2) which exploits the efficacy of new microprocessor
maximum, Microsoft developed MS Windows NT with a user interface similar to MS Windows 3.1 but is based concept that is very very different (NTFS file system was first introduced).
MS Windows NT exploit the power / current microprocessor capabilities and provide a full multitasking in a single-user environment.

- MS-DOS version 4.0
----------------
Supports hard drives larger than 32 MByte to 2 Gigabyte.
Although the program is limited to 640 Kbyte, 16 MByte RAM can be used as the Ram-disk to improve file system performance.
Provides menu-driven shell is not only a keyboard-oriented shell.

- MS-DOS version 5.0
----------------
April 1991, released MS-DOS version 5.0 with features:
* Support the use of extended memory.
* The program is limited to 640 Kbyte, using extended memory for user-written device drivers and utility-utility.

Having a new shell with the ability of many programs in memory, to move to the CTRL-ESC, HELP facilities, upgrade the other utility programs such as Edlin with a screen editor. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare from source of MS-DOS to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: History of UNIX

Once you know about BSD (read: this article) and Linux (read: this article), then you probably also already know the word Unix. Here BeZhare will be more familiar with the history of Unix itself, let's continue reading this article.

The history of UNIX starts from the project MULTICS (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service) in 1965 conducted by the American Telephone & Telegraph (AT & T), General Electric (GE), and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), with major funding from the department of defense America (Department of Defense Advanced Research Project - DARPA). Multics is a modular operating system by using high-speed processor, memory, and communications equipment, designed to work 24 hours a day, 365 days per year without stopping, also designed for military needs.

In 1969, the Multics project stopped because it was too late from the time specified, this is caused by the distance between researchers at that time (New Jersey - MIT).

In the same year, Ken Thompson, a researcher who worked on the Multics project, in collaboration with Dennis Ritchie tried to realize the idea MULTICS using the PDP-7 computer. Peter Neumann suggested their project is given the name UNIX.

UNIX system is then in the weeks to rewrite the PDP-11 computers within 1 year.

Scientists from AT & T added many small tools for UNIX in the 1970s, each tool is used to perform a function.

In 1973, UNIX was rewritten by Ken Thompson use a new programming language created by Dennis Ritchie, Language C. C language was designed to be easy for on the move (portable) from one computer to another.

In 1977, Mike Lesk develop "Ported I / O Library", a library that can be taken to overcome the difficulties in doing a port of UNIX from one computer to another because of differences in I / O from any computer. Unix was first transferred (ported) into the laboratory Interdata 8 / / 32, the same microcomputer with the PDP-11.

In 1978, UNIX successfully ported into the VAX minicomputer. Until this year the UNIX operating system is still used as experimental.

Unix, BSD, Linux and Others Tree

It turned out that since early 1973, more than 16 branches of AT & T or Western Electric Bell outside the lab has been running UNIX. UNIX spread very quickly, in 1977 at least 500 locations have been running UNIX; 125 of them are university and more than 10 foreign countries, in the same year out of the UNIX version 6, which has commercial support.

University of California at Berkeley to pay $ 400 to get Tape UNIX operating system in which there is also the source code of a complete UNIX. Source code is modified by Bill Joy and Chuck Haley, who is a graduate of Berkeley. In 1978 Bill Joy out 30 copies of a collection of programs and modification of UNIX with the media replacement cost and delivery for $ 50.

More than 6 years old Berkeley gets funds from ARPA to develop a UNIX which is then called with BSD Unix. Many developments have been made include: Multitasking, naming the files with the number of characters up to 255 characters, and the ability to merge into the local computer. At this time the BSD Unix became popular among researchers and universities.

Unix Sample

At the same time, AT & T still developing its version of Unix, because it started to feel worried because of the popularity of BSD Unix AT & T Unix and then develop a commercial product. AT & T issued a system called UNIX System V and is a standard Unix, and said that BSD Unix is ​​not standard and not compatible. This is done to curb the popularity of BSD, also because they feel there is a copyright on AT & T.
With the Berkeley license with AT & T, the university can be freely distributed Unix repair AT & T to clients with no notes should be no additional version number. Until now always version 4.2 BSD Unix

On the other hand BSD 4.2 is believed to be used as the basis for the development of the Unix operating system, such as the SunOS operating system of Sun Microsystems machines, and ULTRIX as the Unix operating system within DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation).

With so many companies that develop Unix, then raised the question, Which version of Unix should be used ...? Berkeley Unix (BSD) is preferred users of academic and system developers, but is not supported and frightening as well as the operating system from Sun's new, which turned out later to be foremost among Unix, on the other hand there is the AT & T System V developed by AT & T and claimed as a standard. As a result of problems with this standard then in the late 1980s, Data General, IBM, Hewlwtt Packard, and Silicon Graphics to develop their own Unix System V by using as a standard. Unix versions of split 2, but it turns out there are version-3, ie, XENIX, which was developed by Microsoft in the early 1980s and licensed to Santa Cruz Operation (SCO). XENIX uses standard operating system from AT & T version of the older of the System III.

Because the need for standard operating system, then in the late 1980s, Xenix and AT & T System V/386 V merge into System that combines all the traditional functions and XENIX System V, was released in 1988 to 80 386-based computer.

In the summer of 1988, AT & T and Sun Microsystems signed an agreement to cooperate on that later result in the System V Release 4 (SVR4), which has the best ability of the System V and Berkeley Unix, and make all programs written for both systems become compatible within a single system . At this time SunOS Unix operating system was replaced by the new with the name Solaris.

Feeling threatened by AT & T and Sun because it is not part of SVR4 development effort, Appolo Computer, Digital Equipment Computer (DEC), Hewlett Packard, IBM, and some factories in Europe to form the Open Software Foundation (OSF). The establishment of this as an attempt to escape the control of AT & T, with the name of the industry coalition not-for-profit, and use a uniform ilsensi. OSF developed using the standard AIX, and then ported into the MACH kernel from Carnegie Mellon University, by combining the libraries and utilities from HP, IBM, and DEC. However, the development of OSF, OSF / 1 is not widely used until the coalition eventually develop their own systems, such as IBM with its AIX, and others adopt SVR4 which is released first.

In 1993, AT & T sells Unix Systems Laboratory (USL) to Novell after successfully made the SVR4 as the industry standard. However, the success of the Unix standard can not be beat MS Windows that was developed as an operating system for desktop computers. The novel then transfer the Unix trademark to X / Open Consortium.

In 1995, Novell sold its Unix source code to SCO, and thus stop the USL.

In the early 1990s, the BSD 4.4 commercialized with the name of the BSD / OS by BSD Inc.., Who has the ability to network firewall systems, VAR system, and the lab. academic research.

Meanwhile, operating systems like Unix (clone) is free of charge (free), Linux, created by Linus Torvalds, a student of computer science university of Helsinki Finland, developed by the hobbyist, and master classes small business market (small-business). Some implementations, such as Unix and Unix systems (Unix-like) for PC was developed based on BSD 4.3 and 4.4, and systems developed by Carnegie MACH which became the basic foundation of MacOS.

Although in the end Unix systems that exist today have not come together in the development, in the mid-1990s is estimated to already have millions of computers with the Unix operating system worldwide. Unix operating system is the choice for many microprocessors, because of its simplicity to be adopted.

There is now a collection of standards for operating systems like Unix, including the interface (interface), libraries, and the characteristic behavior (behavioral characteristic). Collection of this standard such as POSIX, which was originally developed by the IEEE, which was also adopted as ISO / IEC 9945. With the standardization such as interfaces, libraries, and this behavior we may use or hold with a Unix machine from anywhere. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare from source of Unix to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: BSD? What is it?

Maybe you'll be a little weird to hear the name of the BSD and not understand what it really is.
Almost the same with Linux, BSD is a part of the unity of the OS (Operating System) on the computer.
To know more closely BSD itself is a good idea if you are interested can read the article below.

* Unix is ​​a computer operating system, a basic software that runs on a computer, which connects the hardware with software applications such as word-processors, spreadsheets, and others.

- Basic scheme of a computer system:
+---------------------------+
| Software application |
+---------------------------+
| Operating System |
+---------------------------+
| Hardware |
+---------------------------+

Unix was designed to be used simultaneously by many people (multi-user), and has a design TCP / IP built-in.

Unix is ​​an operating system first developed as a portable operating system, and more commonly used to support workstations and Internet servers. The first time was designed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, researchers AT & T Bell Laboratories in 1996, inspired by the design of Multics system developed by MIT.

Under the development of research institutions and students from various parts of the world, in a relatively short time Unix grown rapidly and become the main competitor of Microsoft Windows that has been dominating the server market and the computer's operating system. When this has been born tens of variants or "flavors" of Unix such as Sun Solaris, IBM AIX, Hewlett-Packard HP / UX, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and others. Such systems generally have been well tested so that it can be applied on the PC platform, Macintosh, Sun and even IBM mainframes.

- BSD Unix (BSD Unix) is the implementation of the Unix operating system (and its utilitinya) developed and distributed by the University of Californa at Berkeley. BSD Unix (Berkeley Software Distribution) is usually referred to as BSD Operating System.

Spelling BSD generally preceded by the version number of distribution; eg 4.3BSD, the Berkeley Unix distribution version 4.3. The portion of Darwin's BSD-based system for 4.4BSD Lite 2, while the portion of a FreeBSD system BSD to refer to 4.4BSD.

Sample BSD on PC

/ * HISTORY * /
Around mid-1970, AT & T began memperkenalkaan and license new operating system called Unix. With little or no cost, people and organizations can obtain source code for the new system.

When the University of California at Berkeley received the source code of this (purchase price $ 400), co-creator of Unix, Ken Thompson, was a visit to one of the faculty. Through the help of consistent, researchers and students, especially Bill Joy (one of the founders of Sun Microsystems), trying to develop the Unix source code and gave birth to what is called the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD).

With funding support from DARPA (the U.S. defense department), the Berkeley Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) subsequently became an important part in the development of Unix in addition to Bell Labs. Along with Unix System V AT & T itself, BSD grown to become one of the two major flavors of Unix at the time.

In fact, the BSD Unix systems develop more innovative than Unix System V. He is more loved by the academic and research institutions rather than commercial enterprise.

As time went, BSD Unix influence the development of Unix systems that exist today. Various basic Unix utilities, such as C-shell, vi, TCP / IP, and virtual memory, created the first time in release of BSD Unix. Sun Microsystems SunOS including a derivative of 4.2BSD, whereas the Unix System V release was written and again in the fourth (SVR4) to conform with BSD features. Thus, directly or indirectly, BSD Unix contributed greatly to the development of Unix today.

BSD is a modern version of 4.4BSD, released in 1993. Most BSD systems currently standard 4.4BSD-Lite.

- Among the many flavors of BSD Unix, there are three popular freeware system used, namely:
* FreeBSD
* NetBSD
* OpenBSD

FreeBSD Logo

- FreeBSD
Around the year 1992 and 1993, Jordan K. Hubbard, Rod Grimes, and Nate Williams worked on the project and released a set 386BSD changes known as the "Unofficial 386BSD Patchkit."

Nursing patchkit perceived impasse so that a new mechanism is needed. Third author finally start a new project called "386BSD 0.5", therein contained various utility improvements (fixes) and other functions as appropriate a real operating system. Unfortunately not long after the project stalled.

David Greenman, who then worked in Walnut Creek, then propose a new operating system based on patchkit that already exist with the name of FreeBSD.

Soon after, Hubbard was contracted to prepare the Walnut Creek CDROM distribution channel. Walnut Creek to provide support by offering servers and high-bandwidth hardware had to develop it. The first CDROM of FreeBSD is version 1.0, released in December 1993.

FreeBSD 2.0 was released in November 1994. Furthermore, as the upgrade and improvement conducted continuously and significantly. FreeBSD has spawned today's releases are very stable and widely used by the world community. Yahoo, the largest Internet directory at this time, entrust millions of pages to be served by a system of FreeBSD, as well as organizations and other major vendors.

Based on the narrative Hubbard, FreeBSD Project main goal is to provide software that can be used for various purposes.

Perhaps what is interesting from the technical side of FreeBSD is that simple. It is recognized that the FreeBSD installation program is included in Unix installation tool is the simplest among others. In addition, the system of third-party software that came with it (Port Collections) has been adopted by NetBSD and OpenBSD. These features provide a significant convenience for the user to add or remove applications as they wish. The user simply executes a command line and its applications to download, check its integrity, in-build, and installed automatically. System administration tasks to be very practical and easy.

Model development was almost similar to FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD, but have significant differences with Linux development. Model development of FreeBSD is managed professionally by hundreds of individual programmers who are called by Committers. Commiters authorized to make the changes needed to the FreeBSD official source at any time. Commiters team selection was decided by the FreeBSD Core Team, which is the board of directors FreeBSD.

FreeBSD development model aimed to create a product that is stable and easy to use. As one of the reliable Unix system for the x86 platform, FreeBSD must maintain compatibility programs as possible in the system.

- NetBSD
When Jolitz and other colleagues in the project focusing 386BSD, they encounter obstacles in the process and therefore began to develop a parallel effort. Colleagues at Virginia Tech next began to porting BSD to the Macintosh. Business continues to be developed into other architectures such as the Atari ST, Amiga, and various PC platforms.

The focus of the development of the NetBSD operating system is trying to provide a stable, multiplatform, and research-oriented. In January 2001, the portability of NetBSD is rumored to have reached 33 Platform.

More amazing, NetBSD supports a myriad of hardware and modern and traditional equipment, including equipment Intel-based PCs, Compaq's Alpha, or Sun Microsystems SPARC architecture. Old server and workstation class hardware like the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX, Apple Macintosh computer-based Motorola 68000 processors are also supported.

Dedication NetBSD for portability has led the other operating systems. At the time of the FreeBSD group began to make its system ported to the Alpha platform, work on NetBSD project be based. Similarly, Linux has taken advantage of the experience of NetBSD. Special boot-loader utility used NetBSD for Macintosh computers modified in such a way 68 000 series and became a boot-loader Penguin used to launch Linux-machines.

Finally, NetBSD is another great contribution as a 'stepping stone' on the birth of the OpenBSD operating system.

The NetBSD Project aspires to the operating system gave birth to a reliable world-class research. Therefore, NetBSD portability to different hardware is very open, schools and research institutions to realize the real research through the tools they are available.

Other major projects developed by the KAME NetBSD. KAME help introduce IPv6, IPsec (for both IPv4 and IPv6), and increases the TCP / IP in general in the Unix world.

NetBSD is an intelligent system. Comes with a full complement of Unix tools, and many sites use NetBSD as DNS servers or their network servers, mainly because of extensive portability to different hardware and equipment.

- OpenBSD
In the early 1990's, Theo de Raadt has the overall responsibility of SPARC in NetBSD and ported to other sections. However, due to a misunderstanding between Theo and the NetBSD core team associated with the development of NetBSD, Theo resigned and subsequent release of OpenBSD.

OpenBSD is a bit 'deviate' from around the release of NetBSD NetBSD 1.1 in November 1995. The first release came a year later OpenBSD, OpenBSD 2.0 was released the next October 1996.

If NetBSD is unique with a broad portability, OpenBSD focuses on system reliability and security. 'Charm' OpenBSD, which reads "Secure-by-default" has produced products of the most perfect operating system today. OpenBSD claims that three years without exploitation allows remote root system administrators can sleep through the night.

Take advantage of houses in Canada, mission de Raadt is not constrained by American law, where the application of strong cryptographic algorithms (strong cryptography) is very possible, such as RSA, Blowfish, and a number of other algorithms. Moreover, the modified version is now used Blowfish algorithm to encrypt user passwords.

OpenBSD developers do not just stop there, one other contribution from their hard work is OpenSSH, a multiplatform clone the most popular protocol in order to realize secure communications.

Another feature of OpenBSD is a rigorous auditing coding, careful, and neat. It is all to ensure the safety systems that can be trusted. Started since 1996, the OpenBSD team analyzed line-by-line on the overall construction of the operating system by seeking opportunities for a variety of security holes and potential bugs.

Unix systems are quite disturbed by what is called a fixed-sized buffers. Besides not familiar to the programmer, they also mengaeah on the birth of a security hole, like what terjaadi the fingerd exploit in 4.2BSD.

Seriousness in security surveillance causes OpenBSD team often find weaknesses relating to security in various other operating systems or applications, third-party, including the systems FreeBSD, NetBSD, or anything else.

Most security is realized with continuous auditing code and OpenBSD does not tolerate any open network ports in its default installation. If a site requires access to the finger protocol, lpd, or other protocols, they must first be activated. Typically, the protocols must be switched off when not in use, and installation of OpenBSD consider it carefully.

OpenBSD includes a portable operating system. Maybe it was influenced by the characteristics of NetBSD as 'lineage'. OpenBSD is quite stable in dozens of architectures, including Intel-based PC platforms, Motorola 68k-based Macintosh, and others. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare from source of BSD to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: Know More About The Penguin [Linux]

Ever hear or see a logo shaped picture of a Penguin in the cafe or in computer stores?
Well if you ever saw it you would also know by the name Linux, an OS (Operating System) is based on  Open Source. Where we are free to work with this OS and widely used by people who love tinkering with programming languages​​.
On this occasion we would love share info origin of the name of Linux itself.

- Linux or GNU / Linux is a free operating system that is very popular for computers.

The term Linux or GNU / Linux (GNU) was also used as a reference to the whole Linux distribution (Linux distribution), in which included other programs supporting the operating system. Examples of these programs are web servers, programming languages, databases, desktop display (Desktop Environment) (such as GNOME and KDE), and office applications (office suite), such as OpenOffice.org, KOffice, Abiword, Gnumeric. Distro Linux has experienced rapid growth in terms of popularity, so the more popular version of UNIX systems that use license and paid (proprietary) and other free UNIX version that was originally rival Microsoft Windows dominance in the few.

Linux supports a lot of computer hardware, and has been used in a variety of equipment from personal computers, supercomputers and embedded systems (embedded systems), such as cell phones (mobile phone) and personal video recorder.

Initially, Linux was made, developed, and is used by devotees only. Linux now has support from big companies like IBM and Hewlett-Packard. Analysts think the success of information technology is because Linux does not depend on the vendor (vendor independence), low operational cost, and high compatibility than the proprietary Unix versions, and the factor of safety and stability compared with Microsoft Windows. These characteristics also be evidence of the excellence model of open source software development (opensource software).

- History
The Linux kernel was originally written as a hobby project by Linus Torvalds Finland university students who study at the University of Helsinki, to make Minix kernel is free and can be edited. (Minix is ​​a Unix-like project lesson made for easy to use and not for commercial use.) Version 0:01 issued to the Internet in September 1991, Version 12:02 on October 5, 1991. [1]

Next, thousands upon thousands of writers around the world volunteer program has accompanied this project.

History of the Linux operating system is closely related to the GNU project, the project known freeware free program is headed by Richard Stallman. The GNU project started in 1983 to create a complete Unix-style operating systems - compilers, utilities, applications, utilities, manufacturing and so on - was created entirely with free software. In 1991, when the first version of the Linux framework was written, the GNU project has produced almost all the components of this system - except the kernel. Torvalds and the Linux kernel as manufacturers adjust their kernel in order to work properly with GNU components, and so spend enough operating system to function. Therefore, Linux is the last room in the design complements the GNU.

Although the Linux kernel is licensed under the GNU General Public License, he instead of from the GNU project.

Tux, a Penguin, a logo and mascot for Linux. Linux is a trademark (SN: 1916230) owned by Linus Torvalds. Linux is listed as a "computer operating system program for the use of computers and operations." The trademark was registered after an incident in which a forger named William R Della Croce Jr. began sending letters to all distributors of Linux and Linux is a trademark megklaim hakmiliknya and ask for a royalty of 10% of them. The Linux distributors began to push for a genuine trademark given to Linus Torvalds. Linux trademark licensing now under the supervision of the Linux Mark Institute.

- Linux Distributions
Linux Distro (short for Linux distributions) is a term for computer operating systems and applications, is a family of Unix that uses the Linux kernel. Linux distributions can include free software and can also include commercial software such as Red Hat Enterprise, SuSE, and others.

There are many distributions of linux that has emerged. Some survived and grew, even to produce a derivative distro, for example, is Distro Debian GNU / Linux. This distro has produced dozens of child distributions, including Ubuntu, Knoppix, Xandros, DSL, and so forth.

To get a linux distro, you can download it directly from the distributors site relevant distro, or buy from local vendors.

Linux distributions can be categorized based on package management system, free and no, the purpose of manufacture, the basic software used, and so forth.

- Debian-based free distributions:
    * 64Studio
    * Adamantix
    * Amber Linux
    * Beatrix
    * Bonzai Linux
    * Debian
    * Debian-BR-CDD
    * DeveLinux
    * Finnix
    * GenieOS
    * Gnoppix
    * Guadalinex
    * Hiweed
    * Kalango
    * Kanotix
    * Knoppix
    * Kuliax (a Linux distribution developed by Indonesia)
    * Kurumin
    * LinEx
    * Linux Loco
    * MeNTOPPIX
    * Morphix
    * NepaLinux
    * PingOO
    * Skolelinux
    * Sun Wah Rays LX
    * Symphony OS
    * Ubuntu
          o Edubuntu
          o Kubuntu
          o Xubuntu
          o De2
    * Xandros
    * Zen Linux

- RPM-based distribution
    * ALinux
    * ALT Linux
    * Annvix
    * Ark Linux
    * ASPLinux
    * Aurox
    * Berry Linux
    * BLAG Linux and GNU
    * BlankOn (a Linux distribution developed by Indonesia)
    * Caixa Mágica
    * Caos Linux
    * CentOS
    * Cobind
    * Conectiva
    * EduLinux
    * Engarde Secure Linux
    * Fedora Core
    * Fox Linux
    * IGOS (a linux distro developed by Indonesia)
    * Linux Mobile System
    * Magic Linux
    * NOPPENLINUX
    * PCLinuxOS
    * PCQLinux2005
    * PLD Linux Distribution

- Mandrake / mandriva

- Free distribution based on Slackware
    * Slackware
    * AliXe
    * Austrumi
    * BackTrack
    * Bluewhite64 Linux
    * College Linux
    * Cytrun Linux
    * Darkstar
    * DeepStyle
    * Easys GNU / Linux
    * Frugalware
    * Hardened Linux
    * Kate OS
    * Plamo Linux
    * SLAX
    * Sauver
    * Slackintosh
    * Slamd64
    * Splack Linux
    * TopologiLinux
    * Truva Linux
    * Ultima Linux
    * Vector Linux
    * Wolvix
    * 0x7F GNU / Linux
    * Zenwalk Linux (formerly MiniSlack)

Network WLAN Sample

- Linux Operating System Applications
Linux users, who generally do their own install and configuration of the system, are more likely to understand the technology than users of Microsoft Windows or Mac OS. They are often called hacker or geek. But this stereotype decreases with the increase in user-friendly nature and the extent of users of Linux distributions. Linux has made a pretty good achievement in the server computer market and special purpose computer, such as image rendering engine and a web server. Linux is also gaining popularity in the desktop computer market.

Linux is a principle to the combination of LAMP-server program, short for Linux, Apache, MySQL, Perl / PHP / Python. LAMP has achieved widespread popularity among Web developers.

Linux is also often used as an embedded operating system. The cost of procurement of cheap Linux allows its use in equipment such as the Simputer, the low-cost computers aimed at low-income populations in developing countries.

With desktop environments like KDE and GNOME, Linux offers a user interface more like Apple Macintosh or Microsoft Windows instead of a text line interface such as Unix. Therefore, more graphics program can be found on Linux that offers a variety of functions in a commercial utility.

- Market Share And Ease of Use
Linux was originally just an operating system that is used by computer enthusiasts, has become the system more user-friendly, with charts antaramuka variety of applications that is more similar to other operating systems, rather than the Unix command line. However, this impression has caused much criticism, including from supporters of Linux. They argue that Linux and free program project has yet to reach "factor ke'mudahan'an in the use of" satisfactory. The question of ke'mudah'an Linux than Windows or Macintosh is still the issue of hot debate. Linux market in the computer "desktop" is still rather small but growing. Institute for Market According to IDC, a large market for Linux in 2002 was 25% for the server market, and 2.8% for the personal computer market.

For those who are only familiar with Windows or Macintosh, Linux may seem more difficult due to differences in performing various computer work. And again, users need to exchange programs that are often used, because the program was not found in Linux (or rather limited options, such as computer games). Another factor is the nature of doubt users who feel hard to let go of their operating system (many users still use Windows). In addition, most computers shipped with Windows is ready to wear (preinstalled). These factors led to the development of Linux is rather slow.

However, excess Linux as a low cost, security is more secure, and not rely on vendors, has increased its use widespread among corporations and offices. In this situation, the obstacles mentioned above can be reduced because only the application / utility that is limited in use, as well as administration and configuration of the computer (administration) is controlled by a group of IT experts working a little.

There are numerous studies conducted limited cost and ke'mudahan'an Linux. Relevantive, (an institute based in Berlin, which specializes in the research institute of ke'mudahan'an program, as well as web services), have made the conclusion that free ke'dapatpakai'an Linux to work with the computer "desktop" is almost the same as Windows XP. However, the study by IDC (funded by Microsoft) claims that Linux has a cost of ownership (Total Cost of Ownership) is higher than Windows.

Linux is also often criticized for development schedule unpredictable. By default, cause users with Linux Enterprise less space than other operating systems (Source: Marcinkowski, 2003). The options are many in terms of Linux distributions is also said to confuse the consumer, and vendor programs.

Linux Sample

- Installation
Linux installation is a difficult process often becomes a barrier for new users, but this process now becomes much easier. With the acceptance of Linux by some major personal computer manufacturer, installed computer (built up) with many Linux distributions available. In addition, there is also a Linux distribution that can be run (boot) directly from optical disc (CD) without the need to be installed to hard disk (hard disk), this is known as the Live CD. Sample distribution in the form of Live CD is Knoppix / Gnoppix, Kubuntu / Ubuntu and Gentoo. Currently, almost all Linux distributions provide a version of the Live CD for its product. ISO image to optical disc for Linux distributions usually can be downloaded from the Internet, burned to a CD, and then can be used as a CD that is ready for the boot process.

- Configuration
Linux configuration settings and applications on it much was done through a text file in the directory / etc. In further developments, utilities such as linuxconf and GNOME System Tools facilitate this work through the graphical interface. Nevertheless, the command line (command line) remains the most common way used.

- Support
Support for Linux is usually obtained through a peer (in this context means user groups linux / Ltsp) - other Linux users on the internet forums, IRC, newsgroups and mailing lists. Linux User Groups (LUG, Linux Users Group) has been established throughout the world to help local users, new users and experienced users. In Indonesia, this group incorporated in Ltsp Ltsp areas such as Jakarta, Bandung Ltsp, Ltsp Jogja and many more. Assistance including installation, use, procurement and promote the development of a Linux system.

Commercial support for Linux distributions in general use business model by providing technical support. Third-party support is also available.

- Scale Linux Development
A study (More Than a Gigabuck: estimating the GNU / Linux 's Size [2]) on Red Hat Linux 7.1 found that this distribution contained 30 million lines of source code (''source lines of code (SLOC )''). Using the COCOMO cost model of this study show that this distribution takes the development of as many as 8000 years, when the software was developed by conventional proprietary way. And will spend approximately 1:08 billion dollars (2000 dollars) to be developed in the United States.

The majority of the code (71%) written in C, but many other languages ​​are used, including C + + shell scripts, Lisp, assembly language, Perl, Fortran and Python.

- About half of the code is licensed under the GPL.
The Linux kernel contains 2.4 million lines of code, or about 8% of the total code that is used in a distribution / distribution. This shows that the majority of Linux distribution consists of code that is not contained in the Linux Kernel. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare from source of Linux to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: What Are OEM Parts?

OEM Scheme

The world of car repair can become so confusing to some of us. If you are not familiar with the terms that auto mechanics use, it can sometimes seem like they are speaking another language when you have to listen to them. But, listen you must.

You want to be sure that you are indeed doing exactly what you need to repair and protect that car; especially since it can be at such a huge expense. Well, if you’ve ever been confused by the term OEM, you’re not alone; especially, when they use it in the same sentence with salvage yards. When referring to auto parts, the definition for OEM is: this designates a replacement part made by the manufacturer of the original part; original equipment manufacturer.

What this means is you can rest assured that when you see an OEM sign on a replacement part, that part has been made by the “original equipment manufacturer”. You can know that this means that this part truly does work as a replacement part for your car. Salvage yards are also getting into the act and doing their part for going green by recycling these parts for you to use for replacements when you need to do a car repair. They often sell these replacement parts to online auto parts dealers. This is their way to help save the environment by not allowing anymore junk scrap, metal, rubber, and plastic that can be reused go to the landfills but instead be recycled. These items that they recycle are rigorously tested to meet high-quality specification or they will not sell them as used parts. You all want to do our part for the environment. You recycle paper, glass, and plastic to be reused. You shop with reusable shopping bags.

When it is time to choose new appliances you make a conscious effort to use energy efficient appliances in everyway you can right down to your furnace system. So why shouldn’t you try as much as possible to recycle when it comes to repairs that you may have to do on your car. The world is no longer the same as it was decades ago. Global warming and pollution have forced people to take a much harder look at every aspect of their life to see what ways they can help reverse this ugly trend of damaging our world. What can the world possibly take and reuse that it was previously used to just sending to a landfill.

Assembly Unit OEM Part for Canon Powershot A470

Well, the possibilities are endless. Repairs for your car are a great way to start. Not only will you feel good because you’re doing your part but you will be allowing yourself to share in the savings afforded to people that replace car parts with used car parts. The savings of replacing with a used car part versus buying that replacement part can be upwards to 75% off your total cost. So carefully check out your options for replacing with used car parts and look for the best dealer so that you too can go-green when repairing your car.

About the author: Automotix carries great OEM Parts that suppliers at Salvage Yards have especially recycled. Check them out today! ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: Things To Consider Before Buying A Car Sat Nav

GPS Scheme

If you are a regular traveler then you might as well buy your vehicle a Global Point System or Sat Nav. This special accessory can direct you through unexplored locations. It will suggest an alternative route during traffic on your way to your company. Some Sat Nav device comes with an infotainment features to entertain you during unbearable rush hour. In fact, you might be surprised for some store locations that essentially exist that you never noticed before. If you have GPS in your vehicle, you can effortlessly detect store locations, restaurants and gas outpost. You can also find the adjoining canteen on your current location. In emergency cases, this is also expedient in spotting the nearest hospitals and clinics. To localize the uses of Sat Nav, it helps you search route to a specific destination, explore exclusive point of interest and the gadget will calculates the route to get you there. On the other hand, buying a vehicle Sat Nav for the first time can be argumentative. Before purchasing a GPS guide for your vehicle, you might as well ask these following questions, “What are your everyday driving conditions?” Or “How often you drive on foreign places? And what features that are important to you?” On the other hand, the primary thing to be concerned about is selecting a direction-finder to analyze its precision when placing searches.

GPS Unit

Expense
Today, Sat Nav value went down in the merchandise from what it was categorized as an exclusive vehicle accessories. Its price depends on model's features or the extras included like the ability to speak the name of the street, warnings on speed, and some have the reality view. The high-end Sat Nav model includes FM radio receiver of traffic details announcements, blue tooth connectivity on PDA phone gadgets, weather reports and internet capability.  

Understanding Your Needs
Torn between in-Dash or Portable devices? In today's Sat Nav merchandise, there is an in-dash GPS navigator model and other comes in portable gadget like Smart phones, others on built-in functions of car DVD player. If you are using GPS for your job that requires a lot of driving, the bigger the size is the easier to use. Both hand held and in-dash often comes with similar functions but the in-dash is more user-friendly. In spite of this, these in-dash models you can hold when you travel by air. Usually, hand held GPS like those in mobile phones have smaller screen which are difficult to read and pass through especially when you're driving. But this kind, you can bring and use it anywhere you go-on-car and off-car, by air or by foot.  

Types and Features
In choosing in-dash and portable models, the screen and user-interface is one of the biggest factor to consider before buying a GPS navigator. Smartphones or PDA phones like Android models and Iphones have sharp touchscreen display. Surely, it can be difficult to navigate maps when you are looking at small fonts. It is difficult to see and operate when driving. While in-dash types have a much bigger screen and custom made for car safety driving, the cost is another thing. Some Sat Nav system can be downloaded free on Android phones and a fraction of price on the other smart phone models. When comparing smart phone GPS and in-dash GPS, an essential factor to be concerned about is the fineness of maps and information. In smart phones, GPS system and maps are being downloaded from the internet. There will be some cases that the maps will be outdated and unavailability of maps when in some remote areas. Conversely, smart phone have an edge when it comes to connectivity to cellular networks. Unlike in-dash, requires separate connection. Surely, there are so many things that one should be concerned about when buying the right Sat Nav for cars. Certain functions can add cost to the device. To be budget-wise GPS customer, pick only that is essential and critical to your driving needs.  
By: Daryl B. Chapman Determine the best HGV sat nav systems from all the top manufacturers, including TomTom and Garmin.
Click on the links to view the complete in-car sat nav catalogue. Take advantage of free delivery when you pay a quick visit to the site now. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: Sony NGP Spesification Details

For those of you who want to understand the specifications of the successor to the Playstation Portable (PSP), which is called the PSP2 or NGP (Next Generation Portable) is worth reading this article to find out what that greatness is in the machine.

* Specification:
- CPU 
ARM ® CortexTM-A9 core (4 cores)
- GPU 
SGX543MP4 + External
- Dimensions 
Approx. 182.0 x 18.6 x 83.5mm (width x height x depth) (tentative, excludes Largest projection)
- Screen 
(Touch Screen) 5 inches (16:9), 960 x 544, Approx. 16 million colors, OLED Multi touch screen (capacitive type)
- Rear touch pad 
Multi touch pad (capacitive type)
- Cameras 
Front camera, Rear camera
- Sound 


Built-in stereo speakers Built-in microphone
- Sensors 
Six-axis motion sensing system (three-axis gyroscope, three-axis accelerometer), Three-axis electronic compass
- Location 
Built-in GPS Wi-Fi location service support
- Keys / Switches 
PS button Power button Directional buttons (Up / Down / Right / Left) Action buttons (Triangle, Circle, Cross, Square) Shoulder buttons (Right / Left) Right stick, Left stick START button, SELECT button Volume (+/-) buttons Wireless communications
- Mobile network connectivity 
(3G) IEEE 802.11b/g/n (n = 1 × 1) (Wi-Fi) (Infrastructure mode / Ad-hoc mode) Bluetooth ® 2.1 + EDR? A2DP/AVRCP/HSP? "

You can find more in the Official Link Sony NGP
Can you imagine what it was like the power of the PSP is the next generation, ready to buy it?
Just wait for the release date of the hearing will hear the release later this year. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare from source of Sony NGP to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: Maybe You Want Know How to Hacking Through the LAN

[Attention to All: This Article Just for Knowledge Don't Try it for Others People] 
How to hacking via the LAN (to steal a longer pass people browsing). First of all sorry if repost because this technique is not a fresh technique in the world of hacking but this technique has not been spoiled because until now still be used because most networks use a network of hubs and switches that are not encrypted.

Why not encrypted?
* Network Admins were mainly IT specialists in making the program, not in Network Security
* If the encrypted need bandwidth will increase and certainly that has been slow inet will increasingly slow and eventually an error page.
* The price is not cheap to obtain the encrypted The difference between a network Hub and Switch:
* At the network hub of all data flowing on the network can be viewed / picked up by any computer on the network computer must be requesting such data, if not requested it will not come.
* The only computer network switches which exchange of data that can see the data, other computers not entitled to requesting the data. The problem is the price of routers hubs and switches do not differ much so that most places are now using a switch that makes it difficult for network hacking.

Hacking is using technique: 
* Sniffing
* ARP Poison Routing The two techniques above will not be prevented by any firewall on the victim's computer, guaranteed.
Important Note: ARP Poison Routing can cause denial of service (dos) on one / all the computers on your network Pros:
  * It will not be detected by the firewall types and any series because of the weakness lies in not on the computer network system.
  * You can steal all kinds of login passwords through the HTTP server.
  * You can steal all those login passwords on the network hub for the program is activated.
  * For the ARP Poisoning can be used to steal passwords in HTTPS.

* All free programs Disadvantages: 


  * To network switch must be in the ARP poisoning one by one and your bandwidth will be consumed a lot for it (if inet super fast do not matter)
  * Caught / not by the network administrator outside of my responsibilities Start here assume that the network in this story there are 3 computers, namely:
  - Computer Victims
  - Computer Hacker
  - Servers The differences between the network switches and network hubs:
First Steps:
1. Check your network type, you have the network switch / hub. If you are in the network hub thankful because the process of hacking you will be much easier.
2. Download the required programs of Wireshark and Cain & Abel. Code: http://www.wireshark.org/download.html http://www.oxid.it/cain.html

* How to Use Wireshark:
  - Run the program wireshark
  - Press the Ctrl + k (capture and then click option)
  - Make sure the content on your Card Ethernet interfaces are bound to the network, if not replace and make sure that "Capture packets in promiscuous mode" on
  - Click the start button
  - Click the stop button after you feel confident that no password is entered as long as you press the start button
  - You can see all types of incoming and outgoing packets on the network (or on your computer only if your network uses Swtich
  - To analyze data right click on the data you want in the analysis and click "Follow TCP Stream" and congratulations to analyze the package (I will not explain how because I can not)
  - What is clear from the data contained therein must the information entered the victim to the website and vice versa Way above applies only if your network is not a switch hub From the above you can find out that your network is a hub / switch by looking at the column IP Source and Destination IP.
If at each line one of them is your ip it is certain that your network is a network switch, if not ya mean the opposite.

* How to Use Cain & Abel: 1. 
  - The use of this program is much easier and simpler than using wireshark, but if you want all packets that have been in and out is recommended that you use wireshark program
  - Open the program you Cain
  - Click on the Configure
  - In the "Sniffer" select ethernet card that you will use
  - In the "HTTP Fields" you should add your username and password fields his fields if you want is not listed. As an example I'll let you know that if you want to hack Friendster password you have to add in the username fields and fields passworsd word name, for others you can find it by pressing the right click view source and you should seek the input variables from the website login and password.
Already in default taste already quite complete, you can steal the pass that is in klubmentari without adding anything.
  - After that apply and click ok to the setting.
  - On the main menu, there are 8 tabs, and which will be discussed only 1 tab is the tab "Sniffer" because it is select that tab and do not change from that tab to prevent your own confusion
  - Activate the Sniffer sniffer by clicking the button at the top tab it, find the button that his writings "Start / Stop Sniffer"
  - If you're at a network hub at this time you already know the password can enter by clicking the tab (this time the tab at the bottom instead of in the middle, the middle is no need to click-click again) "Passwords"
  - You can just choose a password from which the connection you want to see will already listed there
  - If you were there at the network switch, it requires more struggle, you must activate the APR which is on the right tombolonya Sniffer (And is not guaranteed to succeed because the manage of the switch is much more comprehensive and secure from the hub)
  - Before activated at the bottom of the sniffer tab select APR
  - It will be seen 2 pieces that are still empty list, click an empty part of the list then click the "+" (shaped like it) in the ranks of the sniffer APR etc.
  - There will be 2 pieces of field containing all the available hosts on your network
  - Connect the victims ip address ip address and gateway servers (to know the address of the gateway server click start on the comp you select the run type cmd then type ipconfig at a command prompt)
  - After that activate the APR, and all the data from the comp victim to a server you can see in the same way. You can run both programs on simultaneously (for APR Cain and wireshark for packet sniffing) if you want maximum results.
Passwords can be stolen is the password in HTTP server (the server is not encrypted), if such data exist on the server that is encrypted then you have to decrypt the data before obtaining the password (and it will require a much longer steps of the way this hack )
For terms that do not understand can be found on wikipedia.
I hope you will know about this article and dont use it for bad activities. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: To Create a Secure Stick [Flash Disc] From the Virus

First tricks, steps should be done as follows:
1. Create a folder in your falshdisk, and give it the name "autorun.inf" (without the quotes).
2. Go into the folder you just created and create a notepad document therein. The trick right click, select NEW> TEXT DOCUMENT, and give any name for the file you just created (the final result as shown). This name later will we replace it with some special characters.
3. After that, we will open the CHARACTER MAP program that is on START> ALL PROGRAMS> ACCESORIES> SYSTEM TOOLS> CHARACTER MAP.
4. After CHARACTER MAP is open, select an existing font like Arial unicode the thing like Unicode or Lucida Sans Unicode. Scroll down until you see letters of Japan, Korea, China, or strange characters.
5. Choose 4 or 5 characters that you want, then click copy.
6. Or rename the text file that you created in step 2 above. Right-click on the file, select rename, then press [CTRL] + [V]. The file name was changed. Do not be surprised if later on you'll see characters like boxes sign only. dont worry that was normal.  

Second tricks, steps are as follows:


1. Click Start, Run 2. Type cmd, click OK, the command prompt window will appear
3. Moving to the drive where your FD; FD eg on drive G
4. Type G:
5. After that type "md autorun.inf" (without the quotes), then enter
6. Type, md autorun.inf \ autorun.ini, enter
7. Type, md autorun.inf \ autorun.ini \ con \ \. \ \, Enter.
Close the command prompt window Then in the FD will be no autorun.inf folder that can not be removed (by Windows) and also can not be replaced / overwritten by the virus hiding in autorun.inf  
Tricks based on the following: in off-the Windows / non-known files / folders the same.
Medium viruses infect the FD with how to create / replace / overwrite the file autorun.inf Jd bs ill virus infects the FD because Windows / virus can not delete / overwrite the 'con' folder is inside the folder autorun.inf You dont believe? Try to make a folder (in Windows) dg con name, surely it will not be.
Eiit, REMEMBER! Scan first flash (FD) it before applying this trick or if necessary your Flashdisc first format to be more confident if not already existing virus then virus try this trick, God willing, not 1000% guaranteed virus going on Flashdisc sticking. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: Comparison Between the Cars of Petrol and Diesel Fuel

Diesel Engine

When you're considering a new car, your purchasing decision can depend on many factors.
These include price, style, comfort level, fuel efficiency, and perhaps even brand loyalty. But when it comes to making the challenging decision on whether to buy a petrol car or a diesel car, consumers have to remember to always keep four proven deciding factors in mind in order to make the most intelligent purchasing decision .  

Fuel Economy Most everyone knows that diesel cars get much better fuel economy than petrol cars. But with the recent advent and popularity of the hybrid vehicle, a lot of former diesel devotees are making the switch due to the fuel efficiency of these electric-petrol hybrids. That being said, one of the most persuasive reasons to buy a diesel car is indeed it's superior fuel economy. There can be a considerable amount of savings involved in both the short and long run when putting high mileage on a diesel car. Since many car owners are financially strapped, this substantial difference in fuel savings can easily be the only factor they need to consider in their car purchasing decision of whether to buy a diesel version over a petrol one.

Petrol and Diesel Pump

Servicing Costs

It's also common knowledge that diesel cars, on the whole, cost significantly more to service than petrol cars. This is due to the fact that their engines are more complex and parts replacement is much more expensive than for petrol cars. When you're trying to choose between these two types of cars, you have to be honest with yourself and realize that regular maintenance will be necessary for both types in order to sustain maximum performance, safety and reliability. So if you're not in a financially secure position, it would seem to be a smarter decision to buy a petrol car for the very reason of much lower servicing costs. That alone could help you decide not to buy a diesel.  

Resale Value Another important factor in deciding which to buy is to consider the car's resale value. When you buy a new car, one day you're going to want to sell it. It's a fact that diesel vehicles always have higher resale values than petrol cars. This is mainly due to the fact that new buyers fall in love with the much higher fuel economy and associated cost savings, but also because diesel car engines tend to last much longer than petrol cars. Running for well over 200,000 miles is quite common for a diesel car.  

Noise Factor Potential owners have to realize that diesels are simply much louder than petrol cars, even the heavily muffled ones. Some people can live with this better than others. But if you can't, you should definitely only consider a new petrol car.

About the author: Hugh thinks it's very worthwhile weighing up the pros and cons of petrol vs diesel when you next decide to buy a new car. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: With FixShell You Can Repair Windows Blue Screen

Did you ever experience symptoms such as blue screen windows in the picture? Surely you've experienced it as well as my own beginian let alone fit playing game (RF Online) after a log out of the game do not immediately click the short cut the waiting game until the computer refresh a few seconds, if not surely you will experience the above ^ _ ^ And the easiest subject to diseases like this are usually to a computer using the OS system that is not standard with the capability of your computer.



Actually subject like this is easy if the computer restarts it immediately but if you still can not go back as before you can use the software call FixShell and more secure than restart your computer.

This software is able to fix the error due to windows sistes memory dumping causing blue screen. Usage is easy, just install and run software then click OK, then the computer will prompt you to restart, do it and survive your computer back to normal.

You can find this software from search engine and how to use it. 
Maybe this article can help you find the best way to solve your problem. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: What is Offered GOM Media Player?

- Visit: GOM official site for features.
* Codec Finder:
You need to install separate codecs for most videos is not so, GOM player, includes many codecs (XviD is DivX, FLV 1, AC3 is, OGG, the MP4, H263 and more) I. Video requires a different codec, GOM Player, you can find one, you will be asked where you can download open source version of the codec. In this way, by insisting on unnecessary codecs on your system is not.

* It is (Patented) AVI files broken game:
AVI file is corrupted, if the index has not been downloaded or can not play the file. The index is arranged so that at the end of file is this. patented technology GOM Player, you can view files that are corrupt index or a user downloads.

* Powerful Subtitle Support:


GOM Player, SMI, SRT is, (IDX and a) RT, and supports the sub-subtitle files. margin, location, size, resolution, etc. You can specify the font. Sub karaoke subtitle shadow way, views, ASF files can be activated. Even if there is a mismatch you can synchronize subtitle and video.

* Convenient Playlist:
You, if you run a video file, the file name already exists in such directories will be added to your playlist it automatically. GOM Player of m3u, PLS, and the same playlist format has been the Australian Stock Exchange, you can also include, as well as other media formats and edit the playlist. Creates, warrants Maruchimediapureirisuto to edit their own player is easy to use.

* Support for various types of instruments:
AVI files, mpg files, MPEG and DAT, and, apart from various forms of media, and the Windows Media format (WMV, ASF, and ASX), GOM Player supports streaming. The 5.1-channel audio with DVD quality video can be seen.

* Screen Capture:
Screen capture, GOM can take a screenshot of the video directly from the player. Basutokyapucha feature allows you to take a screen shot up to 999 consecutive shots.

* Advanced features:
There is an endless array of advanced features. Adjust the brightness, contrast, color saturation adjustment. The Sharp adds noise to the video. Please Try audio equalizer. We use the repeat AB repeat function, please see the video. Fast forward / left / right button to use back in a few seconds. And much more to discover!
- System requirements:
    * Microsoft Windows 98SE for me, 2000, XP, 2003, Windows Vista or Windows 7
    * Intel-compatible P3 CPU recommended by the system operating at 20 Megabaitohadodoraibu site or use a large amount of the minimum of RAM.
    * Some movies, DirectX or Windows Media Player may require the latest version.
    * Proposed rules can be changed depending on the type of video files.
    * Change 'is a deadlocking problems "sometimes happens when you close the player.
    Vorbis audio decoder
    * improved performance.
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Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare from source of GOM Official Website to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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BeZhare: Options Granted by the VLC Media Player

- Are Defined:
Official Web site
Meet the needs of all media player. It, DVD to, (S) is a VCD, audio CD, Web streams, TV cards and process and much more.
VLC does the need to continually update the codec is not different. VLC comes with codecs are built-in almost all!


And whats Is, VLC, even if media is damaged, you can play the file! VLC missing or damaged parts I'd like to stop. Displays information about video and audio you can play all left.
VLC is cross-platform multimedia player and a framework of free and open source is not just the files most multimedias, DVD, audio CD, VCD, has played a variety of streaming.
This use is still very powerful, simple and extensible.
Support all Media Computer Platform.
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Article was written and circulated by Guntur Suhada on BeZhare from source of VLC Media Player to your knowledge, please do not take and pass on any sites without the knowledge of this site. Or if necessary, you can pass it on any site to include the name of the author of this article. We appreciate the authenticity of writings that we make here. Thank you for your attention.
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